American Jury Trial System

The American jury trial system places twelve citizens in power to hear the sides of the accused and the complainant and decide what verdict should be given for the case. It has been estimated that the United States of America accounts for ninety percent of all jury trials in the world. The system adapted the different trial systems from the Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and European jury customs (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). The goal of this paper is to analyze and assess the American jury trial system and to be able to identify to what extent it can be improved.First, let us discuss about the system’s history and evolution. England had an uneven system of juries during the time of Alfred (871-901 A. D. ). Representatives of the tithing were brought jointly to fix on the questions set prior to them. While statement of witnesses did initiate to emerge, when Alfred died, the system collapsed. The Normans used the Saxon court system; including the appeals to the King, legal witn esses and ordeals; unraveling the secular and religious courts and selected â€Å"circuit† judges to embody the King all over the country.In addition, trials were introduced through warfare (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). Moreover, it is the Norman England that which instituted the fundamentals of modern jury system. The system gradually developed for cases wherein trial by combat was inappropriate. Restricted residents were brought to court to decree on matters they had beheld. In the 12th century under Henry II, the use of juries had increased. The defendants were offered to choose from trial by jury or by combat. Then, in the reign of Edward III, the characterization of jurors started to shift.And, by the end of the 15th century, a jury is no longer a group of witnesses but a body that examined the statements of witnesses and necessarily convicts a criminal in a trial with a unanimous decision (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). More evolution and development happene d in the jury system between the 15th and 18th century. When knighthood wasn’t a necessity for a juror anymore, trial by â€Å"peers† turned out to be more valid. Professionals and experts started to be used as witnesses and exemptions from jury duty were continuously developing, e.g. Quakers, who couldn’t pledge to oaths. For cause at common law indicates that the exemptions of being a juror include: having served on the accusing jury; being a serf or servant; being convicted of certain crimes; having a relation with one of the parties or the sheriff; or stating his opinion of the case in public. Eventually, calling of witnesses by the defendants and cross-examining of witnesses by the defense counsel were tolerated (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court).Throughout the American colonialism, the jury became one of the emblems of revolt against the king of England. The colonists mainly protested about refutation of rights established to all other Englishmen as well as the right to a jury trial as guaranteed by the Magna Carta of 1215. An example of quotations in the Magna Carta state that â€Å"the Common Pleas gatherings shall not follow the imperial court, but be held in some definite area†, and â€Å"the juries shall be composed of honest men of the neighborhood† (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court).Magna Carta has been the basis of many essential concepts of law in America. In over one hundred decisions, the US Supreme court has traced the reliance on Magna Carta for the understanding of suitable practice of law, trial by jury of one’s peers, the significance of a prompt and unprejudiced trial, and defense against bail or fines or cruel and unusual sentence (The Baronial Order of Magna Carta). However, trial by jury wasn’t absolutely deprived of to the explorers.In 1607, Virginia Company established the Jamestown that mentions the right for jury. In New York, John Peter Zenger was proven innocent by the jury in t he libel case in 1735 after verifying that his writings about the governor were factual. In settling a verdict, Virginia jurors had an enormous autonomy. The British Vice-Admiralty courts had made the rage of the colonists rise (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court).As a result of these disagreements of inequality and the abrogation of rights, the colonists incorporated in their earliest documents pledge of the right to trial by jury which includes: The First Congress of American Colonies in 1765; The First Continental Congress in 1774 (declaring that the colonies were unconstrained to the common law of England as well as to have an equal access to trial by peers of the vicinage); the 1787 United States Constitution, and the 1897 first ten amendments.The US Constitution and the ten amendments were products of Thomas Jefferson’s complaints against King George in the Declaration of Independence such as obstruction of administration of justice due to refusal of his Assent to Laws f or confirming Judiciary Powers, denials for Trial by Jury, and transportation of defendants overseas for trial (Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court). And today, according to the Sixth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, an individual has a right to undergo a fast and public trial by an impartial jury in cases of criminal prosecutions.He has the right to know the nature and causes of the allegation; to be confronted with the witness against him; and to have compulsory process for obtaining witness in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense (USINFO Database). Due to some criticisms against the American jury trial system, several major changes have occurred in the past decade which includes: reduction in size of the juries; the discarding of the unanimity rule; and the exemption rules. So what kind of trial system does America has today? Let us discuss how trial systems work.In the United States, there are two kinds of juries: the Petit jury, and the grand jury. Petit jury, which is composed of five to twelve members, hears criminal and civil cases. The regular jury trial lasts for about one two days, but some takes longer (Watson). During the trial, lawyers of the same parties question witnesses to support their arguments and serve as proofs. They also make opening and closing remarks to the jury (Watson). Then, the judge makes a final statement to the jury, explaining the laws that preside over the resolution the jury must construct (Watson).Juries conduct a confidential meeting to arrive at a certain judgment. Most states require a unanimous decision while few states consider a majority vote. If the jury fails to reach a verdict, it is called a hung jury (Watson). In a grand jury, the panel is composed of as much as twenty-one members. There are two kinds of grand jury in the American law: the charging grand jury and the investigatory grand jury. The charging grand jury decides whether a case should be brought to court only if there is sufficient evidence against the accused person (Watson).In the investigatory grand jury, the jurors are asked to approve efforts to gather evidence furtively. This kind of grand jury is also used against government officials who happen to be accused of wrongdoings (Watson). Jurors are being chosen lists of voters or automobile drivers wherein they receive questions through mail. People called to jury must be an American citizen, can understand English, no physical or mental disability, etc. (Watson). A judge asks more questions as well as the lawyers from the two parties to determine whether they can be good members.In most cases, the ones who seem most sympathetic are chosen which is claimed by other to be not fair at all (Watson). Supposedly, jurors should not form opinions or must have little knowledge about the case before the trial begins; however, it is difficult to find people like that (Watson). Before, if the accused is proven guilty, he is sentenced with death. So the jury serves as the savior of the defendant to prove that he is innocent of the crime accused to him. But as time goes, evolutions and developments had come.As a well known procedure today, the juries are the ones who decide whether someone is guilty or not through a due process under a trial system. Juries examine the truth and falsehood of a testimony and the facts presented. The judge will then establish what penalty should be given. In Arizona, the judge decides between life or death sentences and reserves that decision for the jury. However, the judge has the power to refuse the jury and ease the sentence from death to life if he wanted, but this has not come about yet in a real trial.The story of the jury, from its ancient origins to its role in the current justice system today, reflects the historical movement toward popular self-governance. It also illustrates the gradual expansion of individual rights to all members of American society. Jury duty can be serve as an education; th e people employs the law so they must learn to understand what it is and how it affects the case brought to them. On a personal note, it seems that the modern system works poorly. There exists numerous trials and most of them are for minor offenses which could have been managed in a well-organized manner.Moreover, court calendars are overloaded, which causes delays before an accused individual is brought to trial. Some public defenders cannot give accurately valuable support to the underprivileged people whom they serve because of overwork. There are also public prosecutors that enter into entreaty bargains that frequently punish those accused of minor crimes while those with serious felonies receive minimal penalties (USINFO Database). There are also some people who question the effectiveness of the jury in determining the truth.In recent years, the competence of juries has been attacked by judges, lawyers and laymen who claim that juries fail to base their decisions upon legal pre cedent. They contend that juries base their decisions upon emotion; they are unable to understand complex evidence or legal theories and they ignore the law in reaching what they consider to be an equitable verdict. Legal reformers believe that eliminating juries can improve the quality of trial verdicts and decrease both the cost and time involved with litigation.In earlier times, the panel members are all from the same neighborhood who knows both parties as well as the facts about them so that they can come up with fair and just decision. But now, juror panels are chosen from voting lists of jurisdictions that comprise hundreds of square miles and surround millions of people. The jurors hardly ever know the accused, and if by chance they do, they would not be allowed to be included in the panel to avoid bias assuming that personal acquaintance with one of the parties involve may affect their judgment.In deeper cases that involve issues about economic and accounting issues, some qu estion the ability of an average citizen to really understand the issues. For example in charges of stock manipulation and fraud, how much knowledge to these jurors has to fully examine the case and give the proper judgment (USINFO Database). It’s like having a cooking competition in which the judges came from the engineering field or other field irrelevant to the subject. Are there better criminal trial method?In Great Britain, where the trial of jury rooted, the use juries in civil trials accounts only one percent while the criminal trials accounts five percent only. A system called â€Å"bench trials† involves a single judge or a panel of judges without a jury to hear the case. This system takes less time, cost less money, and since it is unrestricted and may be assessed by appellate courts, it is well thought-out by many to be just and well-organized. In addition, in cases involving complicated matters of law, judges are more equipped to make a determination than s ome commoners or layback persons (USINFO Database).In effect of such considerations, in the area of civil law in the USA, movements towards unprejudiced settlement continually grow, wherein the parties agree to be bound by the verdict of a neutral outsider. Arbitration is faster (no delays caused by overfilled court calendars), fair, and it allows the parties to have the decision made based on the rules of the marketplace if business involved (USINFO Database). Some criticisms also involve issues that divide Americans in general such as race and wealth. Corruptions and racisms can not be totally eliminated. In reality, there are actually people who consider skin colors in making a judgment.Bias is all around. Moreover, there are people who accept payments to settle on the decisions. Influential and rich people often make use of their wealth to control different negotiations, and justice is one of those. However, even if the trial system is not by jury, such circumstances can never b e avoided, no matter what criminal trial method is used. Lastly, juries are charged of disreputably inconsistence. They can even disregard the law when they come to a decision that a defendant had a good raison d'etre to do what was done at all, or they can be controlled by devious lawyers (USINFO Database).These criticisms are based in fact and are true in some measure. Actually, the American systems of criminal and civil justice nowadays rely on a diversity of forms including bench trials, and arbitration. In addition, good police work often yields such a credible amount of proofs that suspects will appeal accountable without a jury trial. Emotions are also one erratic weakness of a jury system that relies on the decisions of ordinary citizens, thus result in ignoring the law. Moreover, there had also been an incident of â€Å"jury nullification† due to the belief of having unjust laws.Before the American Revolution, local juries rebuffed to condemn their neighbors accused of smuggling because they thought that the English trade and navigation are unjust (USINFO Database). What suggestions can I offer to further improve the jury trial system in America? I have read about the book written by Steven Adler entitled â€Å"The Jury†. He suggested some main points for the reform of the trial system. I agree to his suggestions for a better justice system. One of his points is the elimination of exemptions. In some states, certain categories of workers are excused from jury service which is not fair.If jury is an obligation and a right to all American citizens, then everyone must be given a chance to undergo qualification testing regardless of race, employment, and wealth (American Bar Association). Make a â€Å"one-day, one-trial† plan or similar procedures to make services less time-consuming. In this procedure, prospective jurors who are not selected for a case should be dismissed after their first day of service (American Bar Association). E liminate or at least severe limitations on unconditional trials. Organize the system well, to avoid wasting of time, effort and money (American Bar Association).Educate the jurors well, and give them better instructions and make them fully understand their role, the differences between argument and evidence, steps in a trial, and much other relevant information at the beginning of trials. The future of the people involve depend on the hands of the jurors. It is not good that someone will be given a wrong judgment or verdict just because the people who decided and examined his case have very little understanding and knowledge about the process and the case as well (American Bar Association).Permit jurors to take notes to better study the case (American Bar Association). Provide mechanisms to enable jurors to suggest questions for witnesses during the trial and to receive clarification on points of law (American Bar Association). Lastly, the judge should provide instructions which are shorter yet clearer for the jury just before they deliberate to avoid confusions about the case (American Bar Association). Different countries have different trial systems though they are somehow the same in some instances.Let us discuss the different procedures of trial systems in different countries. In Brazil, according to their constitution, all cases of first degree murder must be judged by juries. However, there are cases wherein authorities are judged by judges even if it falls into first degree murder: only crime that makes use of juries in this country. Jurors vote confidentially whether the accused is guilty or innocent of the crime, then the majority’s decision will be considered the final judgment. In France, the same jurisdictions are implied.The jury sits on an equal footing with three professional judges. The jury and judges first consider the questions of guilt. Then if applicable, they consider the penalty to apply (Did you mean Database). The jury trial sy stem in Spain is not traditionally established but when Franco’s dictatorship had ended, their constitution was reformed and finally legislate the jury trial system. There are also some countries which don’t use a jury system such as the Philippines wherein a court system is being applied.Here, only one person called the Court Judge hears the case and decides whether a person is guilty or not, and what appropriate penalties should be given to the proven guilty suspects. In Germany, jury trials have been abolished on 1924 due to perceived unjust verdicts given. The German criminal justice contrasts sharply with the American system in many ways. Likewise in America, the states in Germany are responsible for the administration of criminal justice; however, Germany has a single national code of criminal procedure and a unified court system.The police and prosecution are state-level rather than local agencies. There is no death penalty, and sentences for either major or min or crimes are considerably lower than in the US. A judge decides in minor cases whether the accused is innocent or guilty. In more serious cases, a judge and two lay members are involved while in the most serious cases, a panel of three judges and two lay members which requires at least two-thirds vote give sentences. Some people would like to abolish the jury trial system in America due to many criticisms that is being thrown to the process.However, elimination of trial by jury due to perceived defects in the system will hinder against democratic government itself. Bench trial or arbitration can be a good option, but for many, the only hope of establishing their innocence is to go before a jury of their peers, where the state must establish the issue of guilt â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† (USINFO Database). Jury service continues to provide the sense of responsibility and participation of the citizens because nowadays, as society grows more complex, average citizens are g rowing disconnected from the government (USINFO Database).It seems that participating in a trial as part of the jury is as essential as voting for national elections to practice your right and privilege as an American citizen. A free and fair trial by a jury of one’s peers remains a critical right of the people, for the two parties and the panel members as well. So it is very important that the jury system should improved more and be more organized. Moreover, jury trial system in America may not be perfect and ideal; however, it is still seen as the best means for making certain that the strictness of the law can be shaped to integrity and justice in any definite state of affairs.The key for a fair judgment and sentences is more improvements and developments for the whole system. In earlier times, changes in the constitution regarding the trial system were based upon experiences and different situations that have been brought to court. There are still more rooms for improveme nts. Many more cases will be brought to court, and hopefully, better changes can improve the whole system for the benefit of all American citizens. Works Cited American Bar Association. Trial by Jury. 25 November 2007 < http://www.abanet. org/publiced/lawday/talking/jurytalk. html>. Did You Mean Database. Jury. 26 November 2007 < http://www. did-you-mean. com/Jury. html>. Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Court. Origins and Foundations of American Courts. 24 November 2007. USINFO Database. Rights of the People: Individual Freedom and the Bill of Rights. â€Å"Chapter 7: Trial by Jury† 25 November 2007 . The Baronial Order of Magna Carta.Magna Carta and the American Law. 26 November 2007 < http://www. magnacharta. com/articles/article04. htm>. Watson, J. This is America-the Jury System. 09 May 2004. Voice of America. 26 November 2007 < http://www. voanews. com/specialenglish/archive/2004-05/a-2004-05-09-1-1. cfm>. Hans, V, & Vidmar, N.. Judging the Jury. May 1987. JSTOR Page. 26 Nov ember 2007 < http://links. jstor. org/sici? sici=0026-2234%28198704%2F05%2985%3A5%2F6%3C1240%3AJTJ%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage>.

Keats’ Romantic Eco-Poetics

Ecocritics work to develop and demonstrate the connection between nature and humanity by expressing how places are connected to the people that live in them. Likewise, those places, or nature, affect the people that live within them and vise versa. John Keats’ eco-poetics often convey a Romantic adoration for nature by means of a self-conscious, philosophical imagination’s connection to nature. His enthusiasm for the philosophical as well as the corporeal scopes of nature plays an obvious fundamental role in his theory of consciousness and aesthetics. Keats has specific qualifications for truth and beauty.Truth is all inclusive, combining all experiences with nature in one’s life, whether they are affirmative or undesirable experiences, into one functional vision. However, Keats separates his poetry from nature in dominating way. He does not believe that nature only funds the aesthetics of his poetry, but rather that his poetry forces readers to recognize a deepe r meaning to existence. ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ is an excellent example of Keats’ use of nature in developing the poet’s assumptions of consciousness and philosophy. The initial use of a bird singing, in its poetic aesthetics sense, portrays the beauty and concord within nature.Keats embraces the thought of a painless death only while listening to the nightingale’s song. This is because of the bird’s ability to be free, which wills Keats’ to want a similar freedom, apart from the suffering and pain within human life. He even speaks as though the nightingale is immortal and incapable of the sorrow of death. Within the same stanza, which can be found below, Keats speaks of a magic this nightingale holds. It is as if Keats firmly believes in the nightingale’s ability to transcend the natural world, into a world free of cares and lacking death. My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk: ‘Tis but through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thy happiness, That though light-winged Dryad of the trees, In some melodious plot Of beechen green, and shadows numberless, Singest of summer in full-throated ease. (Lines 1-10) Though wast not born for death, immortal Bird! No hungry generations tread thee down; The voice I hear this passing night was heard In ancient days by emperor and clown Perhaps the self-same song that found a pathThrough the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn; Charmed magic casements, opening on the foam Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn. (Stanza VII) Likewise, the seasonal transition depicts nature’s ability to change in spite of man’s inability to look past their monotonous and speculative life. Keats focuses on the phenomena of metamorphosis in regards to the conscious self. This pattern of c ycles which can be directly connected to the process of life and human existence can be seen in the fifth stanza of ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ as well as in ‘to Autumn. Fast fading violets cover’d up in leaves; And mid-May’s eldest child, The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine, The murmurous haunt of lies on summer eves. (Lines 47-50 ‘Ode to a Nightingale’) Where are the songs of Springs? Ay, where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,— While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day, And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue; Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn Among the river swallows, borne aloft Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies; (Lines 23-29 ‘To Autumn’)Again, Keats’ implies a connection between human existence and the fact that there would be no meaning to life without the inevitability of eventual death to the seasons, life in spring and death in winter. Along with this rend ition of life and death, Keats creates a feeling of comfort in his ecological representation of death. In ‘To Autumn,’ Keats displays a world in which fruit is ripe and flowers are budding. Colors are alive and bright. However, each season brings the death of the one preceding it. In other words, every season, as with every human existence, has the capacity of life and death.The ecology behind this declaration appears within the recurring and inexhaustible rebirth of nature’s beauty. On the other hand, I do not believe that Keats’ sole intention was to display the beauty of nature. Keats often uses the exploration of nature and its imagery as a socio-political symbol of freedom, sovereignty, and harmony. Although autumn is beautiful and Keats uses this ecology to the political and personal strife found within every human being. I believe this to be true because Keats wrote ‘To Autumn’ in September of 1819, shortly after his brother, Tom, died in December of 1818 of tuberculosis.Also the Peterloo Massacre, which occurred in August of 1819, about a month before Keats wrote ‘To Autumn,’ may have influenced his language and aesthetics within the poem. Keats was obviously pondering the concept of death and his undeniable belief in an existence after death. It is important to consider the context, both political and social, in which ‘To Autumn’ was written. This is because â€Å"ecocritics enlarge the vision(s) of texts and their role and function in our lives while challenging, the readers, to investigate and grapple with our personal understanding of humanity, texts, and nature itself (Bressler). Our understanding of humanity, text, and nature is often greatly influenced by the experiences we face from day to day. Keats is able to use his poetry to address a number of reoccurring ideas: the relationship between art and existence, the limitation of that existence and how those limitations are embrac ed by people, and the inevitability of death and loss of everything that is capable of reproduction and beauty. Although his poetry is beautiful, his ideas are somewhat tragic.

‘Hoods’ a Drama Production

The performance ‘Hoods’ by Barking Gecko Theatre Co. is a play about two young children, Jessie and Kyle, who create video game style situations to pass the time as they are left in the car by their mother. This play was performed at Thornlie Senior High School’s Performing Arts Centre on Friday the 1st of April 2011. It was a great honour to have this brilliant play shown to the high school students as it showed perseverance of the young children. The play was written by Angela Betzien and directed by Leticia Ca’ceres. The actors were Sam Longley and Andrea Gibbs, Sam who played Kyle and Andrea who played Jessie. The style in which the play was performed was presentational although there are some parts of realism because situations like these actually do happen. The actors played multiple characters and morphed into each one. The morphing shows visible changes of character. They had great versatility of characters and played each one with passion for the role. The facial expressions they used seemed to add to the way they acted and made us, as an audience believe their roles much more. Other presentational aspects include the use of direct address and poetic narration throughout the performance. Jessie and Kyle’s mother leaves them and their baby brother (Troy) in the car as she went to the shops. Troy get sick and the children are fearful of their situation and go off to seek their grandmother. Their mother hadn’t actually forgotten about them but rather had been caught shoplifting for them and was taken away. The themes for ‘Hoods’ would be child neglect, poverty and domestic violence. The playwright had the intention of telling these children’s story to the audience. As children they don’t have the ability to tell people their situation and get help like adults can. The intentions would be that they wrote the play with the intention of showing powerlessness, and making the characters feel vulnerable as they are so young and in situations we don’t expect children to be in, they delivered these very effectively. There are three main parts of the play where they are powerless, when the children are in the car trying to find their mum, when the counsellor has no power to take the children out and treat them and when the mother is powerless against the father’s violent ways. Their costumes were old and shaggy due to their setting being dirty and poverty stricken. They both wore hoods which they either wore on or off their heads, depending on what character they were playing. The set contained very few objects, a box that acted as a car, the fence and some chairs. This added to the deserted feel of the play. The lighting was dark with the main lighting in the middle, where most of the action took place. There were also few props, the baby, Jessie’s ‘magic’ wand and even though it was clothing, Jessie’s jacket as it was something she never took off, like her comfort blanket. There were different sounds throughout the performance, such as, cars, sirens, explosions and dogs barking. The stage at the high school was quite spacious giving the actors a chance to use it all, which they did perfectly. I really liked the performance, it was interesting and compelling. There was action, comedy and tragedy which all added to the performance’s appeal. It did start to get slightly boring toward the end but it think that was because it was quite long, but overall very good. I think most of the audience liked it due to the attention they payed and the amount of applause at the end. I would definitely recommend ‘Hoods’ to anyone looking for a great play to watch.

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Globale Economy 2 - Essay Example olders are the real or true owners of the company and they have invested in the organization therefore researchers and economists encourage the idea to maximize the investment made by the shareholders. The second approach is stakeholder capitalism in which all parties that have their stake in the organization should be given importance and not just the shareholders. All parties that could be influenced by the actions of the organization or their actions could influence the organization are referred to as stakeholders. Because in generating profits, there are other parties involved besides the shareholders such as employees and management of the organization, distributors, suppliers and people in the society and government, therefore the concept of stakeholder capitalism encourages maximizing the value of stakeholders rather than just investors. The approach of state ownership is also known as the government ownership as in this approach the government has the decision making authority. The concept behind state ownership approach is that the government would make decisions according to the benefit of the overall economic condition of the country and strategies would be formulated to meet the needs of the society (Clarke and Kohler, 40). Also this would discourage the idea of encouraging private firms to charge high prices and earn more profits. Stakeholder capitalism is the best approach to maximize the long run economic performance of the firm because in this approach, not only the shareholders of the firms are considered but every party that has something at stake with the organization would be given importance. Because an organization does not operate in isolation and different parties are affected by its actions therefore the approach of stakeholder capitalism should be encouraged. Employees are the ones who help the organization to grow and earn profits therefore it is important that they should be involved in the board of directors regardless of what

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Spirituality in health care - Essay Example The role of the healthcare provider is one that is not often understood to be related, either directly or tangentially, to spirituality. However, as it is the responsibility of the healthcare provider to reach out to the patient as means of addressing their needs, identifying with them, and providing counsel as needed, the means by which spirituality should be understood and engaged is something that is of great importance. As such, promoting both physical and psychological health is a primary expectation that the healthcare provider has in terms of fulfilling their responsibilities. Oftentimes, this cannot be done without adequately understanding and identifying with the way in which different patients engage with and value spirituality as a very important part of the way that healing and health are understood. As a means of describing and understanding this to a more effective degree, the following analysis will seek to analyze the role that spirituality plays in helping to address the primary tasks that have thus far been defined. Furthermore, the student will provide a specific level of focus as to the way in which belief systems and â€Å"absolutes†, as well as the potential for prosthletization should be discouraged; as they are unhelpful towards representing understanding and/or potential benefits to those that reflect different spiritual paradigms as compared to those that the healthcare practitioner might reflect.

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Anatomy and Physiology - Essay Example The woman was diagnosed with Gouty arthritis. The main symptom that was use to identify this disease was the swelling and the speed of onset as well as the target bones. But most importantly are the inflammation and the fact that only one toe was affected. When the woman was asked whether she has suffered from the symptoms earlier she said that she recalled a similar attack two years earlier that had disappeared as suddenly as it had come. While Gouty arthritis is faster and takes place within hours, it can be relieved by the body systems. . Another symptom is that the pain was only on the right toe which is typical for Gouty Arthritis. Gouty Arthritis affects the toes, Knees, ankles and elbows. As stated by (Loue, & Sajatovic, 2008), Gouty Arthritis symptoms often affect one side of the body limited to one side of the joint. This is different from other types of arthritis in which symptoms are symmetrical and for the case of this woman, would have affected both right and left toes. It is harmful for a growing 13 year old to include lifting heavy weights as part of his daily workout because of the severe consequences that it poses it his growth. As stated by Brown et al (2009), children are born with cartilages at the end of each and every long bone. The end of the bone is where new structures are formed thus allowing growth to take place. During growth and as individuals grow older, these cartilages grow narrower until such a time that physical maturity is attained and thus they are completely replaced by bones thus a person starts growing in height. Heavy weight lifting my teenagers is likely to damage these growth plates since they are much softer than the bones. The consequence of damaged plates is that the growth of these teenagers may be impaired or stop completely depending on the nature and the extent of plate injury (Brown et al, 2009). Apart from the risk of growth plate

Nietzsche - Geneology of Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nietzsche - Geneology of Morality - Essay Example In this way, Nietzsche claims that rather trying to persuade, argue with, or grapple to explain the fallacy of certain ways of thinking, it is necessary for the philosopher to look at such notions with disdain, resentment, disgust, and superiority. It is through such a response mechanism that Nietzsche believes that it is possible for the superiority of ideas to triumph over another by means of the contempt that they are shown. Accordingly, this essay will attempt to focus upon the idea of â€Å"ressentiment† as presented by Nietzsche and quantify it with regards to whether it is a beneficial and/or useful practice that should be engaged with or whether it is fundamentally harmful to the free flow of information and expression and disagreement that has been indicative of the intellectual community since time immemorial (Clark 21). As such, key aspects and competing realities of Nietzsche’s point of view will be considered, weighed, and analyzed. In effect, this ressenti ment is a form of intellectual disdain and disgust for those aspects of different types of worldviews that the individual does not respect. Nietzsche further described that the reason that many individuals place themselves in subjugation to the morality and laws of his era was the fact that they felt more comfortable in a master and slave-type relationship (in which they were invariably playing the part of the mental slaves). As a means to jar these individuals from their complacency and acquaint them with the folly of such a worldview, Nietzsche advocates levying a degree of contempt on such belief systems as a means of encouraging those that hold these to re-access them and come to a more complete understanding of the inherent inadequacies and lack of logic presented within them. With respect to the extent to which this particular author agrees or disagrees with the concept of â€Å"ressentiment† as described by Nietzsche, the answer to this cannot be simply stated. Firstly , there are a multitude of instances in which world views, ideas regarding morality, and other such philosophical constructions cannot and should not be considered due to the sheer preposterous nature of their claims. However, the clear and overriding elements of intellectual hubris also come together to raise key questions in the mind of one who reviews such a tactic and response. By not only refusing to engage but showing contempt for a given belief system or worldview, the philosopher is unable to transmit the necessary knowledge which could be key in convincing the practitioner to abandon an otherwise untenable stance. Such an approach, although advocated by Nietzsche has little if any effect in bringing about a greater understanding as such, for purposes of intellectual and academic advancement, stifles the expression of thought and the transmission of ideas. Accordingly, it is the belief of this author that such an approach is more or less fruitless due to the fact that neithe r participants is able to differentiate or expand upon the argument due to the fact that employing ressentiment will necessarily close down the participant’s ability and/or desire to reason together with the opposition. This understanding of intellectual supremacy helps the individual to understand further nuances of the way in which Nietzsche engages the reader with his understanding of the master and slave paradox. Whereas no one wants to consider themselves the intellectual slave of another, Nietzsche effectively argues that those who

Pre-Code Hollywood and Motion Picture Production Code Essay

Pre-Code Hollywood and Motion Picture Production Code - Essay Example Film history suggests that the moment someone observed that the new medium of "moving pictures" could be used to show images that might not be appropriate for all ages and all lifestyles, the movement toward movie had censorship began. This write-up essays the evolution of this censorship in the form of Production Code and the world of Hollywood before the inception of this code, often called the Pre-Code era of Hollywood. The Pre-Code Hollywood Pre-Code Hollywood is the marquee name for a brief period of time in the motion-picture history, 1930-1934 that interfaced between 1930, the official adoption of Production Code and 1934, the rigorous enforcement of the Production Code (Doherty). The four-year interval marks a fascinating and atypical time in Hollywood History, when the censorship was lax and the industry made the most out of it, exploiting all extreme subjects such as sex, vice, violence, and moral meanings forced upon Hollywood. The phrase reminds cinegoers of the time when trigger-happy gangsters, quipping dames, and disruptive rebels of either gender, ran loose in the anarchistic terrain of American Cinema. During this period, Hollywood cinema reached its liberal heights as never before. Women could play imperfect roles and not simply virginal doormats or monstrous vamps; actions could be morally and ethically ambiguous, colored in shades of grey, not just black and white; social and political problems could be discussed without constraints, and sex, seduction and malignity were not taboo subjects (Dohetry). The starting point of the pre-code period in Hollywood has been at the hearth of much discussion amongst researchers. One sect of people consider the onset of sound movies in late 1920s to lead to the commencement of this era while another sect of scholars believe March 31st, 1930 to be the beginning of this era, the date when Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) pledged to abide with by the Production Code (that was bein g written). Pre-Code in context: It is only logical to look into factors that drove Hollywood towards extremism in their content and nature. To understand the context of Pre-Code Hollywood, it is important to see the other internal and external environments that cusped with this development. It should be noted that at the time of the conception, America was going through The Great Depression, one of the worst years in the history of United States. Ironically, in such desperate times, Hollywood was revolutionized by two media developments - commercial radio broadcasting and synchronized sound cinema. Interfacing issues such as crippling economy, skyrocketing expenses of new sound technology and market erosion by radio brought Hollywood to a desperate state – unparalleled cultural and financial breakdown. As the most noticeable supplier of the national mythos, Pre-Code Hollywood negotiated the cultural disturbances by venting radical bents and reformulating American traditions into DreamWorks and an illusionary seductive world. Though later lauded for forthright sex and bare skin, Pre-code Hollywood was more about economics than erotica. Despite

Ikea in Oman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ikea in Oman - Essay Example part of the company’s continuous global expansion strategy, IKEA successfully managed to set up a store outlet in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia back in 1983 and 1996 respectively (IKEA, 2008c). With the active assistance of International Al Futtain Group – Dubai-based business conglomerate of IKEA, the business is currently planning to open a store outlet within the jurisdiction of the Sultanate of Oman over the next three to four years from now (Business Intelligence Middle East, 2007). In general, Oman is well-known for its fishing and oil industry (Nations Encyclopedia, 2008a; U.S. Department of State, 2008). Since Malaysia is one of the world-class exporters of high quality rattan-made furniture including home dà ©cor items (One2furniure, 2008; Rinaat Cane, 2008), it is best on the part of IKEA to promote the selling of these furniture item throughout the entire market in Oman. With regards to IKEA’s expansion project in Oman, an international marketing plan which includes the international marketing objective(s), a thorough market situational analysis, a marketing strategy, implementation and control will be provided in this study as part of making the introduction of rattan-made furniture items in Oman successful. The corporate objective is to be able to successfully penetrate the company’s target market in Oman by effectively promoting the benefits of using rattan-made furniture over the use of other alternative materials like glass, wood, plastic, and metal. As part of the company’s international marketing objective(s), IKEA should: 1. Effectively promote the importance and benefits of using rattan-made furniture items such as living room sets, dining room sets, bedroom sets, cabinets, and office furniture over the typical wooden, plastic, or metallic home products through the use of appropriate marketing communication techniques (i.e. environmental impact and the excellent craftsmanship in Malaysia); PEST1 framework is often

Joseph Nathan Oliver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joseph Nathan Oliver - Essay Example These instruments include cornet and trumpet for melody input, trombone, percussion, and tuba for rhythm in music. Also, used is the clarinet for counterpoint production, drums, contrabass, piano, guitar, and banjo, and later saxophones. Most of these were obtained from the military band (Gushee 45). Jazz music formed a uniting point for all races, as people played it from all races in the world. Joe worked with and transformed a number of marching band groups. Examples of such include the Kid Ory, Bill Johnson’s original Creole Orchestra, The onward Brass band, the Olympia, the eagle band, and the original superior. He also founded King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band where he invited Louis Armstrong and others like Lil Hardin, Johnny Dodds, Baby Dodds, and Honore Dutrey. After their breakup, Oliver King went on to belong to other bands, like Dave Peyton’s band which he renamed Dixie Syncopators (Gushee 260). Oliver ‘king’ was known for his expertise in t he cornet playing as aforementioned. He was raised in New Orleans, which was recognized for its musical vibrancy. This jazz musician produced ‘hot jazz’ sounds, as his music came to be referred to later. In jazz music, Oliver King was famed for using mutes, derbies, cups, and bottles to modify the sound of his cornet. His style was that of producing rhythm that was four square and a melody that was clipped. This made him unique since the other cornetists, including Louis Armstrong, played an irregularly thus contrasting them. In addition to this, Oliver king was also famous for the production of a wild array of sounds from his horn. His performance in Wa Wa Wa and the styles he used to enhance such performance gave rise to the ‘wa-wa effect’ in Jazz music, which further assisted in making him stand out from among other cornetists and other jazz musicians (Gushee 262). He acted as Louis Armstrong’s mentor, who, later rises to fame and is still known i n the jazz world. After the breakup of King Oliver Jazz Band, Joe went ahead to produce two duets with Jelly Roll Morton, a pianist. The duets were King Porter and Tom Cat, both with Piano accompaniment. Apart from playing the cornet and founding bands, Oliver King also wrote music for his bands. Some of the music he wrote include, Sweet like this, Dippermouth Blues Doctor Jazz and Canal Street blues. Oliver’s Dippermouth blues is without a doubt one of the most notable and memorable performance by the fallen king. Both Oliver king and Louis Armstrong composed this piece while they were in King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band. The two were on the cornets while William Johnson played the banjo; Baby Dodds played the drums and Honore Dutrey played the trombone. The clarinetist was Johnny Dodds while Lil Hardin played the piano. This piece was recorded in 1923, in Richmond, Indiana (Gushee 263). Dippermouth blues starts with a four- bar lead that is diminished, which, progresse s to a meandering ride over the hills, of two chorus. An ostinato motor of one bar guides all this. There is a repetitive function of all the parts of the instruments, including the trombone and the clarinet, which offers support for the lead cornet. This is proceeded by a stop time solo of the clarinet. After another ensemble, Oliver’s prowess is displayed as he plays a three chorus muted cornet solo. Together with the band, Oliver king presents a moving show that demands attention. In fact, his

Finance for Strategic Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Finance for Strategic Managers - Essay Example The paper tells that with any business, the key objective rests with the need for profit making. This means that the determination of profitability of a business requires that proper and accurate accounting records become available. Without reasonable profit making in any business, the long-term success arises as an unseen possibility. The process of sourcing for finance proves to be a difficult task for most business firms. A key reason for this is the lack of valuable accounting data that would stimulate the interest of prospective investors. Obtaining finance serves a number of roles that allow for the sustenance of business activities while utilizing the available resources efficiently. In the financial markets, the availability of reliable information remains to be the greatest tool for concerned parties, mainly the investors. Lack of valuable information in these markets hampers the decision-making process for investors. This relates to the formulation of decisions directed tow ards the allocation of capital. Eventually, the incapability of business firms to attract investments acts as a limiting factor that hampers the overall growth of the business. As key elements in any business organization, various stakeholders require the availability of financial data in order to make valuable decisions. Shareholders or owners of a business will require assessing the financial performance of their investment. Without financial data, a company fails in meeting the needs and expectations of its stakeholders. Customers make the final decisions as pertains to the product or service offerings of a business firm. Thus, a creation of value remains an impossible feature with a business as the purchasing decisions divert to other business parties and competitors. A major objective of businesses is the determination and achievement of business goals. Financial information arises as the essential element necessary for setting targets.

Formal Analysis Essay Example for Free

Formal Analysis Essay â€Å"My spirit takes journey, my spirit takes flight, could not have risen otherwise I am not running I am choosing. † Alike is an intelligent and poetically talented 17 year old girl. On the surface, Dee Rees’s Pariah (2011), is the coming of age story of African-American lesbian, Alike. Growing up in a traditional household that is sexually repressed and a society that is hateful towards her for being homosexual she finds solace in poetry and academics. Through her plight, the film intelligently layers the dark themes associated with the struggles of a gay teenager growing up in the inner city- gender, sexuality, family relations, hate, religion, ignorance, etc. But the film is very hopeful in that it contrasts the dark themes with pleasant moments of optimism. I am analyzing one of the final scenes in the Dee Rees’s Pariah (2011). The scene [@ 01:15:11] where Alike is reconciling with Arthur, her father, on the rooftop of Laura’s building. The rooftop scene encompasses the beauty of the morals of the narrative really well and at the same time contrasts the dark themes of the film in a manner that compliments the overall aesthetic of the production. The scene’s Mise en Scene sets the tone for the conclusion of the narrative. The scene takes place on the rooftop of Lauras apartment building overlooking the sun setting over Brooklyn. Throughout the film we see Alike deep in thought several times; on the bus, in school, at the club- in all these circumstances the film utilizes dark, incandescent lighting and shadows to extenuate the tone of the emotions and events Alike is reflecting on. In this scene however the lighting comes from the bright, vibrant yellow-orange sunset. The film uses this in order to help visualize an appreciation of Alike’s silver lining; almost as if to say that Alike see’s the art and the beauty that came of her pain and suffering- this is expressed in the poem she reads against the montage of her leaving for California. Alike’s outfit shows a more developed sense of style. This expresses to the audience that she has grown and maturated from the sequence of events that have taken place in the narrative. The social blocking of the conversation between Alike and Arthur brings Arthur down to a more human level. Although Arthur is angled slightly above Alike to maintain his domineering male complex, this is the first time in the film we see him venerable. Alike and Arthur face the opposite direction on an equal plane, this is supposed to demonstrate naturalistic interaction between the two as well as give a sense of the subjective perspective of the film. The cinematography in this scene is utilized to expresses the subjective point of view of Alike. The scene starts with a close up shot of Alike followed by a hand held long shot overlooking the sky Arthur and Laura entering. Shift in focus in depth of field demonstrates the importances of Alike’s line â€Å"I’m not running, I’m choosing,† and Arthur’s reaction to it. We see that Arthur is man enough to accept his daughter for who she is and that he is not going to try to get her to run away from who she is, unlike his wife. The color balances of the yellow/orange spectrum is displayed in an aesthetically pleasing manner to help provide a strong sense of optimism, which is also complimented by the background noise of the wind and birds. The scenes in which Nina and Alike are bonding is a very optimistic time for Alike as well. And in those scenes the yellow/orange color spectrum is used to illustrate this but in a much darker tone. The reason for the darker tone being is that Alike’s optimism was eventually destroyed after Nina tells her she’s â€Å"not really gay. † Therefore, in using brighter tones in the rooftop scene, we get more of a sense of closure as an audience. The rooftop scene encompasses the beauty layered in within the dark ominous narrative of Pariah. The film is very aesthetically pleasing and has many layers to it. It does not follow a formulaic structure like most â€Å"coming of age† films do but instead uses poetry and pays attention to metaphoric details in order to tell Alike’s story. Alike’s growth from the confusion of her sexuality and identity is illustrated eloquently though the use of light, blocking, depth of field, and audio.

Coca cola and their internation marketing strategies

Coca cola and their internation marketing strategies Coca-Cola is one of the world leading and largest Company in the sector of beverages. It was established in 1886 by Dr. John Pemberton who was a pharmacist of Atlanta, Georgia USA. The brand has since become household drink in more than 200 countries across the world. Carbonate drinks are the single largest component in Coca-Cola Company which account for nearly 78% of the total volume sold in 2008. The company has more than 3000 products of beverages and has nearly 500 brands in its portfolio includes Coca-Cola or Diet Coke family, Coca-cola enterprise (CCE). Likewise, wide range of carbonates including Fanta, Lilt, PowerAde and sprite (Coca -Cola, 2008) Company profile: The Coca-Cola Company logo.svg Type Public (NYSE:  KO) Dow Jones Industrial Average Component Industry Beverage Founded 1892  (1892) Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States Area served Worldwide Key people Muhtar Kent (Chairman and CEO) Products Coca-Cola Carbonated Soft Drinks Water Other Non-alcoholic beverages Revenue increaseUS$35.119 billion Operating income increaseUS$8.449 billion Net income increaseUS$11.809 billion Total assets increaseUS$72.921 billion Total equity increaseUS$31.317 billion Employees 139,600 (Source: Coca-Cola Company profile 2010) Coca cola in UK Coca-Cola first introduced in UK in 1900 when Charles Candler, son of The Coca-Cola Company founder Asa Candler, brought a jug of syrup with him on a visit from the US to UK. It was first sold in the UK on 31 August 1900. However, sale didnt go on frequently until the early 1920s. (http://www.coca-cola.co.uk ). The market of carbonate in the UK is normally dominated by relatively few companies. These are, in the main, subsidiaries of global corporation such as the Coca Cola Company and Pepsi CO. Mainly, the major brand of Coca -Cola Company is coke or simply Coca-Cola. Other major brands of Coca-Cola UK portfolio contains Diet Coca-Cola, Cherry Coca-Cola, Fanta , Lilt, Sprite, Dr Pepper and Schweppes. Dr Pepper has been on sale in the United Kingdom since 1982, is account to more famous among the young and teenagers peoples in the UK. The operations of the Company in the UK are categorized among CCE and Coca-Cola Great Britain (CCGB), where CCE is the manufacturer and distributor, likewise CCGB belongs to the brands which have more responsibility in the field of marketing (http://www.coca-cola.co.uk ). Coca cola in Nepal At first Coca-Cola was introduced in Nepal in 1973, which was imported from its neighbour country India. Local production of Coca-cola in Nepal was started in 1979, with the establishment of Bottlers Nepal Limited (BNL). Coca-Cola Sabco was provided the right of bottling from the Coca-Cola Company to Nepal in 2004. BNL has two main distribution channels in Nepal, which are situated in the capital city Kathmandu and Bharatpur municipality. The Marketing, Sales and Distribution strategy for BNL is mentioned as Refresh the Marketplace and contain a robust Consumer Response System to deal with the concerns, ideas and suggestions of the consumers. BNL is also dedicated to support the community through different programmes, mainly in the sector of health. In relationship with the local community, BNL also support by providing a Free Health Check-up Clinic at Bharatpur municipality (www.cocacolasabco.com). Company Strategy The Coca-Cola brand has been implemented the global marketing strategy. They are taking into account the whole world into the single market place and uniform marketing strategy was introduced by Coca-cola for many years, at present the trend is changing and various marketing campaigns are being prepared for the development of the Company in different regions of the world. Basically, decisions related to the Business are made on a domestic basis to fit in with the culture and needs of the domestic community. In 1919 Coca-Cola decided to expand its business in the global community. The Coca-Cola Company decided to take its operations around national boundaries and the research of its marketing was started in USA, china and other many countries of the global world. Due to the successful and efficient marketing research of Coca-cola, it was able to expand its business globally in different places of the global world (Source: www.thecoca-colacompany.com) Advertisement   If we consider on advertising perspective of Coca-Cola Company, advertising has more successful power to increase customers demand worldwide. Basically, advertising has to be in line with the domestic culture. An adapted marketing mix defines adjusting the mix with the established culture, geographic, cost-effective and other differences in different nations of the globe. Coca-Cola Advertisements in Nepal Radio Nepal. (Because it is accessible in most of the area in Nepal. Wall advertisement in rural area. Promotional activities such as sponsoring in a class football clubs of Nepal and organising International Cricket Tournament. Regional F.M. Station targeting young people in urban area of Nepal. (Source: www.cocacola.com.np). Advertisement of Coca Cola in Rural Area of Nepal. Coca Cola Advertisement in Rural Area of Nepal, Wikimedia Commons Figure: 1.1 Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org Advertising Strategy Coca-Cola realised that the communication media used in cities and urban areas would not work in villages because of low penetration of conventional media. The company ensured that all its rural marketing initiatives were well-supported by mouth to mouth publicity. Coca-Cola Advertise in UK Coca cola follow integrated marketing communication theory in developed and advance country. In UK TV advert carries a particular logo, images and message, then all newspaper adverts and point-of-sale materials should carry the same logo, images or message, or one that fits the same theme. Coca-Cola uses its familiar red and white logos and retains themes of togetherness and enjoyment throughout its marketing communications. Don caster Rovers Coca Cola Advert Piccadilly Circus London http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2046/2498475157_81d809fede.jpghttp://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnypilTFEvNz8lmRIDNxCtmxwqa8WXszPAZwr0mIw5bx7BE5uFmAhttp://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnypilTFEvNz8lmRIDNxCtmxwqa8WXszPAZwr0mIw5bx7BE5uFmA http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnypilTFEvNz8lmRIDNxCtmxwqa8WXszPAZwr0mIw5bx7BE5uFmAhttp://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnypilTFEvNz8lmRIDNxCtmxwqa8WXszPAZwr0mIw5bx7BE5uFmA Figure: 1.2 (Source: www.flickr.com) This place is the most popular and historical place in the London. More than 100,000 people visit it each day. Marketing affects perception of customer. This type of advertisements has direct effect on customer perception from multinational and multicultural tourist in UK. They have different advertisement and different type of product in the base on different demographic and behaviours people. When we compare the coca cola and other carbonate soft drinks advertisements in this time we can get totally different between each other. Coca cola only highlight its name rather than other things, the product promote itself. Coca- Cola brand image and its perception between the competitors helps to mouth publicity all over the world. Marketing Communication theory and Coca-Cola Marketing communication is the systematise relationship between business and its potential market where the marketer assembles a wide and different variety of ideas, massage, designs, forms, media shape and colours both to communicate idea to and to stimulate a particular perception of Coca-Cola Company by individual people who have been aggregated in to their target market Coca-Cola use the number of Marketing communication tools for assemble such as personal selling, sale promotion , public relationship and advertisement. (Source: Smith, Berryet al, 1997) Communication strategy and business process in rural area in Nepal Coca Cola lunched simple wall Advertisement in Rural Area of Nepal. This has one of the simple communications strategies of Bottlers Nepal Limited. People who live in the rural area t havent any equipment of media such as TV, FM, Internet and good facilities of transport. Coca cola provides coke freeze to their consumer for selling their own product and they have strongly motivated to sell only their product. The model of Simple communications shows a correspondent sending a message to the receiver who receives and understands that message. Actually, real life is not simpler many messages may very difficult to get sense, fail to arrive or, are simply ignored. By understanding the needs of audience, as well as emotions, interests and activities it is vital to ensure the truthfulness and relevance of any kinds of message. Marketing System Input Processing Output Feedback Figure: 1.3: Marketing communicates process in rural place of Nepal. Market Segmentation in Nepal : In the past the market of Nepal was generally practiced the approach of mass marketing with variety of product. Due to the changes in socio-economic field and developments in transport and communication field Nepalese marketers are conscious in market segmentation. Such type of realization has reinforced by the marketing strategies of global Companies such as Coca Cola. The points which are given below describe the practices of market segmentation in the context of Nepal. 1. Non-systematic: generally, segmentation of marketing is not based on the research of systematic market. Previous experiences, management feeling and strategy of competitors have inclined marketing segmentation. 2. Variables for Segmentation: Different types of variables mainly applicable for consumer market segmentation are as follows. Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioural 3. Lack of Information: Generally, Nepalese marketers require complete information about the characteristics of consumers. They lean to regard research of marketing as a wasteful cost. This has embarrassed the effective evaluation of marketing segmentation in terms of their attractiveness and suitability. Risks are not research properly. 4: Government Policy: Policy of government in Nepal is not very supportive for marketing. They do not observe businessman as collaborators for development. Limitations for movement of goods and controls have discouraged the segmentation of market. 5: Lack of Ethical Considerations: considerations on environmental and welfare are generally disregarded for market segmentation in the context of Nepal. Points which are mention above clearly indicate that the concept of market segmentation is at a preliminary stage in Nepal. The importance of market segmentation is expected to enlarge in the coming years. Target market of Coca-Cola in Nepal Coca-cola targets the 15-40 age groups and is consumed by both men and women. It is really famous in young generation in Nepal and enormous chance of showing off your coolness attitude towards the opposite sex. It is also famous and widely used in restaurant, parties and social occasions. Market share and sub product of Coca-Cola in Nepal According to the Bottlers Nepal, it is planning to make the investment nearly $10m in the next three years to increase its operations of bottling and commence a brand of mineral water for the market. The bottler of Coca-Cola product in Nepal will use the resources to modernise its bottling plants in the capital city Kathmandu and Bharatpur municipality. Coca-Cola Sabco, one of the bottling partners of Coca-Cola Company, has invested nearly $45m in the last five years, and produces more than one million bottles of carbonated soft drinks every year. According to global marketing research firm ACNielsen Coca-Cola has a 67.8% market share in the field of carbonated soft drinks business of Nepal. Market segmentation in UK Beverages items of the coca-cola Companies are generally for all customers. Generally, there are some products, which are targeted to the specific customers. For example, diet coke and soft drinks are targeted to the customers who are older in age, normally between the age of 25 and 39. PowerAde sports water aim those who are fit, healthy and do sport. Winnie the Pooh sipper cap Juice Drink aim to those children whose age is between 5 to12. Positioning Positioning is the method of generating the image the product holds in the mind of customers, relating to competing products. Coca cola and Pepsi cola both of them make soft drinks, Pepsi cola may try to compete but they will still be seen as down market from coke. Coke has been situated on the process of positioning by direct evaluation and has located their products to promote their target markets. Most of the people produce an image of a product by comparing it to another product, thus evident through the famous battles between Coca-cola and Pepsi cola items. Product life cycle: While concerning to each and every product or service ever positioned before the consumer i.e. in the long term basis all the existing products and services are quiet. So most of the product may bear, grows, matures and dies. So in the business-related market place products and services are produced, started and introverted in a process which is known as Product Life Cycle. To be able to market its product perfectly, a company should be conscious with the product life cycle of its product. Normally, the standard product life cycle should have five steps which are development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline. In the case of Coca-Cola presently it is in the stage of maturity, mainly it is supported by the fact that they have a large number of loyal groups of regular customers. Coca-Cola presently in the maturity stage in UK but it has still growth stage in Nepal. C:Documents and SettingspoudelnDesktopimages[3].jpg Figure: 1.4; Product life cycle Financial Market share of Coca -Cola Company in UK Coca-Cola Company has calculated strong second-quarter profits. In 2010 total profits was $2.37 billion up 16 percent from a year ago and closely above forecasts of $2.3billions. The share price of beverage maker was reached 2.3 percent in the first fifteen minutes of New York trading. Total revenues growth up 4.8 percent to $8.67 billion. Between them the best growth markets was Brazil, where as total sales volumes were up 13 percent, and India, up 22 percent since 2009. (Source: bbc.co.uk/news/business, 2010 report) Competitors Analysis Coca-Cola Enterprise is known as the subsidiaries of the Coca-Cola Company. In 2008 carbonate of UK was esteemed nearly  £6billion; in which Coca-Cola hold nearly 60 percent value in the sector of retail and on-trade. According to mintel (2008), Britvic soft drink recognized as UK subsidiaries of PepsiCo and is known as the main competitor was 2nd place in the field of market shares of 15 percent retail sales. Flagship products of PepsiCo in soft drinks categories are Pepsi, Pepsi Max, Diet Pepsi, Gatorade and Mountain Dew, and the company of Coca-Cola also owns Tropicana and Dole, the worlds leaders in fruit juice. GlaxoSmithKline PLC, a giant in the sector of healthcare brands, is the 3rd largest carbonate drink and is also on a different level from most drinks companies in UK. Likewise, the company also focused in medicines and oral care, also on other three famous drinks items such as Lucozade, Ribena and Horlicks. Coca-Cola Enterprises had a turnover of  £1.43billion in 2006. Likewise Britvic PLC recorded total branded revenues of  £716.3m, up by 5.7 percent on 2006. John Sicher (2009) stated that Coca-Cola was the number one brand with nearly 42.7 percent in 2008. Similarly, PepsiCo was 2nd, with 30.8 percent; therefore these market shares for both of them have quietly decreased from the end year 2007 to 2008. The volume of Coca-Cola was also decrease by 1.0 percent since 2007, whereas the volume of PepsiCo products was increased by 0.3 percent. Zero coke is also one of the most significant products of KOs new innovations. Such types of beverage items are marketed like as calorie-free version of Coca-Cola model, by omitting the label of diet. (Source:www.ivythesis.typepad.com) Top ten Companies of Soft Drinks in 2009 by market share are given below. Coca-Cola ( bottling partners) PepsiCo ( bottling partners). Nestle. Suntory. Dr Pepper Snapple. Red Bull. Danone. Kirin. Asahi Breweries. Ito En. (Source: www.financenews.co.uk) Coca-Cola Company has taken its spot as No 1 Company in annual ranking of the 100 Best brand of the global world followed by the different Companies like IBM, Microsoft, Google and GE. The report prepared by the Inter brand which was uses by making combination of analysts projections, company financial documents and its own qualitative and quantitative analysis to arrive at a net present value of the year 2010 approximate that Coca-Cola brand value at about $70.5 billion, up by 2% since 2009, Top 5 Global brands in 2010 Ranking Name of the Companies Total Brand Value ($) 1 Coca-Cola 70.452 millions 2 IBM 64,727 millions 3 Microsoft 60,895 millions 4 Google 43,557 millions 5 GE 42,808 millions (Source: The Himalaya Times, 2011) Figure Source: 1.5: (Top 5 Global brands in 2010) In most of the countries of the global world the market share of Coca Cola and Pepsi cola might be 50-50, but in the case of Nepal, the structure of the market share would be 3:1. Then the actors which are credited for this data of the market share of the Coca Cola Company may not be determined easily. As far as we know, those factors should be the management and the quality it has maintained. (Source: www.ktm2day.com). In the case of Nepal quantity of production and distribution of Coca-Cola product was not constant before a couple of years because of the political situation of the country. Political parties and the workers went on for a strike all over Nepal in Bottlers Company which was directly affected to the distribution and production. On the other hand, In the case of United Kingdom the market of the carbonate is dominated by relatively few companies which are subsidiaries of global corporations such as the Coca Cola Company and Pepsi Co. In fact, Coca-Cola, BSD and own label alone report to make fit over two thirds of the carbonates market volume in the United Kingdom. Market share of Coca cola by area Area NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA EUROPE MIDDLE EAST ASIA AFRICA Volume 30% 25% 22% 17% 6% RANKING 1 2 3 4 5 Figure: 1.6 (Source: Business plan on coca-cola 2010) Financial objectives Coca Cola Enterprises announced long term financial objectives on 7th September 2010 are given below. Growth of revenue will be 4% to 6 %; Operating income growth of 6% to 8 %; Income of per share growth will be in a range of high single-digit. Return on invested capital improvement should be on 20 basis points or more per year. Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy of Coca Cola enables to be the responsible company to gain goodwill of the customers of the global words. When we ask anyone who are living at any part of the global word they know and test coca- cola or not, they will say yes. Coca- Cola products are determined not only to make great drinks, but also to contribute to those peoples who are living around the global world, through its Commitments in the sector of education, health and safety, wellness, and diversity. Coke strives to be a good national, constantly shaping the decisions of business to improve the quality of life in the neighbourhood in which they do their business. Processes of Communication of coca-cola in UK. The processes of communication in Coca-Cola are given below: Message conceived decision can help to send message and provide reasons why. Message encoded information for notice and what type of layout should be more reliable and most useful etc. Communications medium selected in this type of notice. Message decoded language and knowledge should be used to send out the original message. Message interpreted which deals with meaning of notice, different ideas of recipients. Feedback supplied feedback should be supplied to sender, for example opinions, response etc. The diagram given below shows the sample of the process of communication of coca-cola. N N Message . Feedback Figure: 1.7: Process of marketing Communication (source: Schramm 1955) Recommendation an online strategy (for promotion) Form the above study and e-market research; I would to like recommendation for coca-cola company, which might be key point for success on future Website Design: E-marketing is the new and important way to build customer perception over the brand, it is important to develop attracting, informative and encouraging website page to the customers for any brand. While, the use of internet in Nepal is increasing dramatically, it is good idea for Coca-Cola Company to develop their own web site with different kind of information, ideas, promotion tools, and opportunities etc. It has multiple advantages such as; E-commerce is available 24 hours and 7 days a week, which can be used for product information and promotion. It is easy to locate merchandise and easy to change its layout in low cost and time. Face book and yahoo in Nepal is being popular day by day, it might be good idea if the Coca-Cola Company Nepal, add there advertisement in Face book web page. It will really helpful to promote their product in Nepalese market. Salesforce.com The Sales Cloud and the Service Cloud, our applications for sales and customer service (also known as customer relationship management or CRM. Force.com, our cloud platform for building and running business apps , Chatter, our enterprise collaboration application. Salesforce.com is the website which helps to manage the customer service database by establishing social and business networking with its stakeholders. E-couponing and group on Addition Recommendation for Coca-Cola Coca Cola Company should try to give more priority on its infrastructure in the market to facilitate their consumers. As the conclusion of the study conducted by the international firm Nepalese people Coca Cola Company should produce coca cola product according to the local demand and different age groups. Marketing team who are devoted for the development of Coca Cola Company should focus to increase the availability of Coke in rural areas. Most of the young generation like to drink coke two regular bottles at same time, so to provide more satisfaction to them Coca Cola Company should introduce disposable bottle of half litre. Conclusion Coca-Cola is one of the words famous and largest company in the world, which was established in 1886 by Dr. John Pemberton, More than 200 countries, near about 3000 products of beverages and has nearly 500 brands in its portfolio, includes Coca-Cola or Diet Coke family, Coca-cola enterprise (CCE). Introduced in UK in 31 August 1900, import from US. However sale didnt go on frequently until the early 1920s Coca-Cola was introduced in Nepal in 1973, which was imported from India. Local production of Coca-cola in Nepal was started in 1979. They are taking into account the whole world into the single market place and uniform marketing strategy was introduced by Coca-cola for many years. Coca Cola lunched simple wall Advertisement in Rural Area of Nepal, Coke realised that the communication media used in cities and urban areas would not work in villages because of low penetration of conventional media. The company ensured that all its rural marketing initiatives were well-supported by mou th to mouth publicity, Coca-Cola has a 67.8% market share in the field of carbonated soft drinks business of Nepal, Face book , yahoo and other online activities as might be helpful to promote their product in Nepalese market The marketing communication system is more complicated in Nepal rather than other developed country like UK. Coca cola and Pepsi cola both of them make soft drinks, Pepsi cola may try to compete but they will still be seen as down market from coke

Pediatric Care Against Bullying

Pediatric Care Against Bullying Objectives List at least three client centered learner objectives. The objectives must be client centered, measurable, and time specific. Clients will verbalize understanding what â€Å"bullying† is by the end of the teaching session. Clients will verbalize understanding of the types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. Clients will verbalize understanding of what to do if they encounter bullying by the end of the teaching session. Growth and Development Expected List the age group being taught. I presented my teaching project to a fourth grade class of 9 and 10 year olds. Describe the physical development of this age group. Include information regarding height, weight, muscle structure, fat distribution, bone development, dental development, etc. In this age group, height increases about two inches each year. Weight increases about four to six pounds each year. Along with the increased height and weight, muscle mass also increases. However, the muscles are not functionally mature and are more prone to muscle injury. As height increases, body fat percentage decreases and is replaced by muscle. The skeletal bones continue to harden (ossify) throughout this developmental period. Girls begin to develop faster than boys do and begin to grow taller than boys. This is also the stage of development in which the deciduous teeth are replaced by the permanent teeth. Describe the cognitive development of this age group. Include information regarding the ability to think through operations/problem –solve, ability to learn concepts, reading comprehension, level of understanding, Piaget’s stage, ideas about morality, spirituality, etc. According to Piaget, school-aged children are in the concrete operational stage, which means they make judgements based on their reasoning. The school-age child’s egocentric thinking is also replaced by the social awareness of others. School-aged children can think logically about objects and events. They are able to voice their opinions and think critically. Additionally, this age group is also capable of concrete problem-solving. They achieve conservation of weight by age 9. They also achieve the ability to classify, sort objects and are able to put things in chronological order. For example, school-aged children can classify objects of several features and can place them in order in a series, including dimensions such as shape or size. Reversibility is now possible. School-aged children can reverse simple arithmetic problems. This age group also now has a longer attention span. They have the ability to read more complex sentences that use complex words As egocentric thinking is replaced by logic thinking, school-aged children become more aware of moral standards and conciseness. They now do not solely think about just the consequences, but they can now judge an act by the intention that stimulated it. They clearly understand the difference between right and wrong. As far as spirituality, children are very eager to learn about God. They also are very curious about heaven and hell. They view God as a human and their description of Him is loving, kind, and helpful. They also tend to think that misbehavior will cause them to go hell and good behavior will gain them entrance to heaven. At this age, children also petition their prayers to God. Describe the psychosocial development of this age group. Include information regarding explanation of Erikson’s developmental stage, interaction with peers, interaction with family members, involvement in sports/clubs, hobbies, self-concept, etc. In the school-aged, school plays a major role in the resolution of the developmental crisis of industry versus inferiority. Children learn that they can win recognition of teacher, parents, and peers by doing well in school or mastering a task. The attitudes and opinions of others also become very important. When children master a skill that they have attempted, it helps them to form a positive self-concept of themselves. They develop a sense of who they really are. However, when a goal is not mastered, feelings of inferiority and self-doubt arise because children feel like they failed. These children are most interested in friends and social activities. They enjoy group adventures and cooperative play. The peer group is very important to school-aged children. It is through interaction with the peers that children learn how to put up with those who have strong personalities. Additionally, it is also through peer groups that children socialize and gain independence from their parents. The lack of peer group associations can lead to bullying and feelings of rejection. However, peer groups are not the most influential when it comes the school-aged child. The parents ultimately shape the child’s personality, values, and standards for behavior. Children in this age group also acquire hobbies. They also like to collect things and many enjoy reading and writing. Describe the language development of this age group. Include information regarding ability to articulate thoughts, vocabulary, clarity of speech, dialect among peers, etc. School-aged children learn different words and their meanings. Their knowledge of words is enhanced by reading. Reading also allows the school-aged child to explore and imagine. They also begin to consolidate expressive language skills and learn to express themselves verbally. This age group is also beginning to follow complex instructions. They are able to follow those demands without the use of visual aids. They can read more complex and sophisticated sentences. Additionally, they can express themselves through writing and speaking with more complex and sophisticated words. Describe the fine motor development of this age group. Include information regarding writing ability, scissor skills, dressing self, tying shoes, using utensils, craft making, typing, etc. The school-aged child’s fine motor skills mature and handedness improves. With the maturation in fine motor skills, they also begin to master unlimited varieties of hand crafts. The fine motor skills of children in this age group are smoother and stronger than when they were younger. This increased body control allows them to work on strengthening other skills such as writing, drawing, using scissors, typing, and many other things. However, capabilities ranges are wide among children in this age group. Some may excel in one activity while others struggle. Describe the gross motor development of this age group. Include information regarding walking, maintaining balance, coordination, jumping, reaching, play/activities involving motor movement, etc. The gross motor development of this age group of school-aged children is smoother and stronger than when they were younger. They also have better coordination, balance, and endurance than the younger years. This increased body control allows school-aged children to improve on strengthening physical skills, such as speed and strength in sports and other physical activities, such as running and dance. Some children among this age group will have better endurance, coordination, and balance than others. Some may excel in sports, while others may just enjoy playing with friends and peers fun. POST-IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION Objectives Evaluation Were the learner objectives met? Evaluate each objective. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding what â€Å"bullying† is by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of what â€Å"bullying† is by stating the definition of bullying by the end of my teaching session. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding of the types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of the different types of bullying by stating the different types of bullying by the end of the teaching session. †¢Clients will verbalize understanding on what to do if they encounter bullying by the end of the teaching session. Goal met. Clients verbalized an understanding of what to do if they encountered bulling by stating what they would actually do by the end of my teaching session. Assessments List two identified strengths of the teaching project. One of the strengths of my teaching project is that it was simple, yet age appropriate for the age group that I presented to. Another strength of my teaching project is as I presented the project, I asked questions throughout the presentation. I did this so that I could evaluate the cognitive development and language development of this age group List two identified weaknesses of the teaching project. One of the weakness of my teaching project is that when I presented, I felt that I was talking too fast. Another weakness is that I was very apprehensive when presenting my teaching project. However, that soon passed as I presented the teaching project. Growth and Development Observed Describe the physical development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. Physically, children in this age group were of all different shapes and sizes. Some were more naturally stockier and some were skinnier than others. Some of the children had more body fat than others, while some had more muscle mass. Many of the girls were taller than the boys. While some of the boys were still taller than the girls. Some of the children were short and stocky. Some were tall and stocky. Some of the children were tall and skinny, while others were short and skinny. I also noticed that when some of the children smiled, that they had acquired their permanent teeth. Describe the cognitive development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. Cognitively, the school-aged children were able to think critically about my teaching topic. They also were able to correctly answer the questions that I asked them and shared their own opinions about my teaching project topic. In addition, they also were able to judge acts or actions by the intentions that stimulated those acts or actions. While presenting my teaching project, the students were actually able to tell me reason why people bully other people. They were also able to tell me who can be bullies and who can be bullied. They had logical responses to my questions and actually critically thought about the questions I asked them before answering. Describe the psychosocial development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. The children seemed to be independent and obedient. They also socialized with their peers. Boys tended to spend time with boys and girls with girls. However, the children did interact with peers of the opposite sex. Describe the language development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. This age groups language development was very sophisticated. They expressed their opinions about things using a vocabulary that was complex, but age appropriate. They answered questions using sophisticated words and were able to verbalize their feeling and opinions clearly. Describe the fine motor development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. This age groups fine motor skills varied widely. Some of the children’s handwriting was neat and readable, while some of their handwriting was difficult to decipher. The children also had pictures of activities that required cutting and scissors posted on the walls of the school. Describe the gross motor development of this age group in comparison of what was listed as expected. During recess, I saw the children make use of their smoother, stronger gross motor skills. There were children running and playing outside during recess as I left the school. I also saw students that were playing soccer and jump roping. References Provide an annotated bibliography for the references used. A minimum of three sources must be utilized. Annotated Bibliography Franks, J. K. (2013). The relationship between strengths in youth and bullying experiences at school. Educational Child Psychology, 30(4), 44-58. This article discussed how bullying impacts one’s self-esteem and self-perception of themselves. In addition, this article also discussed the emotional, social, and academic effects of bullying. The information about the consequences for both bullies and those who are bullied was also provided in detail. This article was a helpful resource because it not only provided detailed information about the consequences of bullying and the psychosocial effects of it, but it included evidence-based research information about bullying. Hockenberry, M.J., Wilson, D. (2013). Wong’s essentials of pediatric nursing (9th ed.), Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family (pp.457-475). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. In this textbook, it provides information about the characteristics of bullies and those who bully. The long term effects of bullying are also discussed in this text. Information about why people bully was also provided in this textbook. This textbook was a very helpful resource because it provided detailed information about the characteristics of bullies and those who are bullied. In addition, it also provided detailed information about the long term effects and consequences of bullying. Park, C. (2014). Children And The Duty To Report: The Double Standard Of Child Abuse And Anti-Bullying Laws. Indiana Law Review, 47(3), 843-869. This article discusses why it is important to recognize bullying and put a stop to it. It also gives the definition of bullying and describes the different types of bullying. This article was also a very helpful because it stressed the importance of standing up to bullies and putting and end bullying. In addition, it provided a very detailed definition of bullying and the different types of bullying.

Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The title of this play is â€Å"Julius Caesar.† This play was written by William Shakespeare in the past. The play involves many different characters, events, and emotional feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mark Antony is a skillful orator because he has experience, knows how to sway the mob, and knows how to keep them on his side and how to persuade them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antony is a very skillful orator. Throughout the speeches that were given by Antony, he proved this statement. He used multiple methods to achieve the feelings of the crowd. For example, he would say a line or two and then cry and stop talking. Dur g this time, he would listen to the crowd’s emotions and go from there. Antony would rile up the crowd, making them furious, holding them back, then making them even more furious once again. He would continue this until he thought they were angry enou to do what he pleases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antony points out in his speech dictating that he is loyal to Caesar as dictator and as a friend. Following the killing of Caesar, Antony quickly grasps that he must deal with Brutus, and he has the shrewdness to take advantage of Brutus’s naivetà ©. H repeats many lines over and over again being sarcastic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antony also uses half-truths and outright falsehoods to sway the mob to do what he wants. Antony repeats the line â€Å"but they were honorable men† multiple times referring to all of the conspirators. This, of course, was Antony’s sarcastic side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another special technique Antony uses to sway the mob is by holding Caesar’s will. He would say that he’s not sure if he should read it, which then stirred up the mob making them anxious, while Antony was getting the mob onto his side. Eventually, th will was read and the mob was emotionally riled up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, Antony had Caesar’s body brought out and sat down. He told the mob to gather in a circle around him and Caesar’s body.

Essay --

When we analyze a work, it is easy to judge the characters by the standards of our time, but this is not very fair to them. They do not follow our rules; they follow the standards of their societies. In addition, unless the characters’ thoughts are revealed to us in soliloquies or asides, we cannot tell if the person knows of his or her actions’ consequences. To determine if a character is â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad,† we must set a standard and evaluate it for each text we examine. We shall define â€Å"goodness† as performing actions whose outcomes are net positive, intended or not, and â€Å"badness† as the opposite. Through this lens we shall examine King Claudius of Hamlet, discovering that while Claudius might be a good King, he is definitely not a good person. When we first meet Claudius, he is holding court and giving a very long and eloquent speech with frequent use of the â€Å"royal we.† He begins by unifying himself with the audience in grief over â€Å"our dear brother’s death† (1.2.1) and then explains he will marry Queen Gertrude to both solidify his rule and bring â€Å"mirth to funeral† (1.2.12). However, it is odd that King Hamlet’s son, Hamlet, did not inherit the throne. Claudius explains, referring to his near marriage, that the nobles â€Å"have freely gone / With this affair along† (1.2.15-6), so it is likely that he convinced the nobles to vote for him as King instead of Hamlet, who was away. Instead of taking the crown by force, which Laertes and Fortinbras will later attempt, Claudius became King without any harm whatsoever, excepting the murder of King Hamlet. His ease with the royal court and the trust he places in the nobles are signs of his good Kingship, however much hidden blood there may be. Claudius is not just friendly with the nobles. ... ...m; the poisoned goblet makes Hamlet realize Claudius’s plan and results in Hamlet killing him with the same goblet. Although we quickly see through Claudius’s sham, his â€Å"bad† qualities might be the reason for his â€Å"good† Kingship. After all, a King who is ambitious, manipulative, and selfish would want to keep the throne, and since Claudius dislikes confrontation, he has evidently decided to remain in power by being a just and wise ruler. He might have had the wrong motivations and a terrible character, but royal policies were, on the whole, good for Denmark. But we must not forget his terrible choice; instead of giving up his sins’ rewards, he chooses to keep them and kill Hamlet to assure his crown. Make no mistake, Claudius was a bad person, but Denmark had experienced an extraordinary King, ended with poisoned drink in his throat and poisoned sword in his chest.

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This note presents the mechanical design of the system in question and more experimental findings which support the assumption of the novel model constructed there. Moreover, this note contains first conclusions and preliminary discussions. A system composed of a metallic cylinder filled with pressured air (up to 5 ATM), and a rubber, square sectioned ring, as a seal was Investigated theoretically and experimentally. Under a certain pressure difference (Internal minus atmosphere pressure – p) and external sealing force, the rubber seal is compressed (h) and should prevent air leakage.However, experiments show a continuous, nonlinear decrease in p(t) as a function of time. A few classical (macro) thermodynamic models for predicting p(t), via considering air flow through cracks, have been suggested before, based on [1] but they have failed to describe the profile in question due to the coupled constitutive properties of rubber and a construction that allow the creation of micro- scale â€Å"tunnels† in the rubber-lid interface, through which the air can pass.A novel heuristic model, which assumes a symmetry preserving analogy between the micro-scale air tunnels and the rubber polymer strands is proposed. Thus, polymer equations based on statistical thermodynamics are applied on the alarm streamlines. Using this model, there are four unset parameters whose values are being determined by the experimental profiles, similar to the semi-phenomenological rubber model of Mooney-Rivaling. An excellent correspondence between the model and physical essence of the phenomenon.Many standard trendiest have been tried and failed to describe p(t) accurately, including 3rd order polynomial which has also four parameters. Key-words: – Sealing, Pressure drop, Air leakage, Air-polymer analogy, Polyp-Air, Micro-Macro, Language. Ascribing air flow through cracks are available in [2], [3], but those have to be adjusted to describe air flow through rubber-metal inter face. In the following note we will describe the experiment set mechanical design and the final system configuration itself.Moreover, we will mention some results regarding the experiment. 1 Introduction An air pressure vessel (up to ATM) is composed of a metallic cylinder and a cover, and sealed with a rubber, square sectioned ring, as seen in Fig. L . Under a certain pressure difference (internal minus atmosphere pressure – p) and external sealing force, he rubber seal is compressed (h) and should prevent air leakage. However, experiments show a continuous, nonlinear decrease in p as a function of time for small values of h (up to of the initial vertical dimension – ho).A few classical (macro) thermodynamic models for predicting p(t), by describing air flow through cracks (of heat regenerator for example) , have been previously suggested but they have failed to accurately describe the profile in the following specific setup due to the coupled constitutive property of rubber and a construction that allows the creation of micro-scale â€Å"tunnels† in the rubber-lid interface, through which the air can pass. A few more mathematical and physical models of 2 Experiment Setup 2. Introduction and Targets Consider the axis-symmetric setup where the inner pressure is set to a constant value, which is different from the atmospheric pressure (fig. 1). The â€Å"Force† preventing from the piston to pop up and also causes the rubber seal (black) to be subjected to unsocial compression. Thus, the vertical length – originally ho – decreases to a controlled value h. Once deformed enough, the seal prevents leakage of air from the inside. Note that thanks to the upper airway the outer surface of the seal is subjected to the time measure. . 2. 1 Variables and their measuring methods p – with a computerized pressure gage installed as part of the cylinder.. Ho (free vertical dimension of the rubber sample) – with a microme ter h (current vertical dimension of a rubber sample) – using LIVED that track the displacement of the piston from its free force position. T (time)- by the computer clock. T (the temperature of the gasket or air) – with a thermocouple installed as a part of the cylinder. Only for additional data collecting proposes, not a controlled variable.The main target is to investigate the pressure vs.. Time p(t) profile. The seal's function, is to preserve the pressure difference p=P-Pa between the two gasket sides. We'd like to observe how the magnitude of the initial pressure difference and the controlled deformation influence on the profile. The mechanism of air leakage through the seal is yet to be determined but when diffusion is neglected one can presume that the air flows through the rebuttal interface. Our initial assumption is that air flows through narrow cracks-like interracial passages.The assumption about the diffusion arises from mineral notion about the character istic time of gas diffusion through rubber in various applications, which is much larger than these experiments periods (about 1000 seconds). For example, based on [4], the pressure drop in 1000 seconds via diffusion in an UN-defected aircraft tire having similar pressure difference is 0. 06% at most. There is extensive work on air flow through material cracks. 2. 2. 2 Important Technical Aspects See details in fig. 2 for the following considerations. Deformation needs to be assured.The force is actuated via a fine screw, enables measuring the vertical displacement with a LIVED and control he value to it with satisfying precision (10 microns). The purpose of the center ball is to transfer the pure vertical movement without rotational movement and torsion. Seal eccentricity: the experiment should be designed to assure closing force as uniform as possible, although it'll never be ideal, so it'll be wise to try centering the seal and avoid creating preferable air flow sites due to lack of symmetry in the compression field.In the following setup â€Å"hand tolerance† is satisfying. Starting the â€Å"stopwatch† (time measure): practically, the seal is influenced by the way the pressure and deformation are reached. To overcome this problem, the experiment should be done in a way assuring results independent from the initialization. Experiment was stopped when pressure changes are very small. 2. 2 Course of Experiment Preliminary experiments showed a continuous air flow and pressure drop all along the experiment. The general p(t) profile exhibited â€Å"exponential decay† type of behavior.We shall now briefly describe the experiment variables related issues such as the creation of p(t=O) and h , and the protocol of starting/stopping Force pa 2. 2. 3 The Experiment We measure p as a function of time, and determine owe p(t=O)= pop and h influence this profile. Observe fig. 2 for the actual setup. The first step is deforming the seal. Than, opening the main valve ( not in fig. 2), connected to the supply line, and building the pressure to a desired, stable value (waiting for stabilization is crucial). The secondary valve was then closed and p(t) was than monitored.Figure 1 – Schematic section of the experiment setup. The compressed air is colored with blue. -2- Screw ones on the surface) move finely due to compression and each strand remain attached to its original Junctions. The Junctions are getting closer ND dense and so are the strands in the bulk of the rubber gasket, which were dense enough already to prevent air flow. However, the surface isn't a mosaic of Junctions but more of a blend of Junctions and loose strands – strands connected only to one junction. Had the surface was a lattice of Junctions, the contact mechanic would have been similar to metal-on-metal mechanics.But this is not the case. Due to those loose strands, the surface only embedded with Junctions and between them – an entanglemen t of loose stands, rolled and smeared on the Junctions beneath them, preventing the creation f classic surface contact. In order to understand the air flow mechanism, let's observe hypothetically on a metal-on-metal sealing. Each metal plane has its own surface profile with peaks, valleys and defects where air can flow in and find its way out. The probability of perfect sealing – when one plan's peaks are pressed directly on the other plan's valleys – aspires to zero.Practically, the metal-metal interface always consist paths that the air can use for its escaping. We refer to that situation as â€Å"use of built in paths†. The reason behind the superiority of rebuttal sealing over the metal-metal one is he elasticity and compliance of the rubber. When pressed on the metal surface, the rubber's loose strands and even some of the Junctions and regular strands on the rubber surface fill the valleys of the metal. Since the strands are thin compared to the valley, th ey penetrate the â€Å"built in paths† and force (consider a thick bush in a flowing river).This is the idea behind â€Å"labyrinth† seal -forcing the air to flow in a complicated path in order to reduce pressure leakage. The magnitude of a rubber monomer is about 5 LIVED sail Piston Secondary Valve Figure 2 – the actual setup 2. 3 Preliminary results and Conclusions (t) profile was recorded for different initial pressure differences and rubber deformations. The parameters range is: pop=l [ATM] to 5[ATM], to -0. 2. Preliminary results showed that p(t) graphs were different considerably one form the other for the same initial conditions.It was concluded that the experiment is very sensitive to the rubber gaskets different surface profile over the different specimens. See fig. 4 for details. On the other hand, when repeating the experiment with the same gasket, as long as the experiment is not too long so the rubber won't behave differently due to service, we get similar graphs (fig. 3). Discussion 3. 1 Air Flow The proposed mechanically model of leakage is based on three phases. Phase I includes placing the rubber gasket and deforming it to the set value h. The process is described in figure 5. The polymer macrostructure is composed of strands and Junctions.According to untangled mechanical models [5], the Junctions (at least, the experiment #2,#7 experiment #2 pressure[ATM] 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 Figure 3 – 4 experiments with ZEE%. The graphs are similar, with maximum of 0. 2[ATM] pressure difference. The difference is due to inability to reconstruct the same initial conditions and due to service effects. Oho 1 500 2000 time[sec] Figure 4 – pressure profiles in experiments #2, #7. pop?4. 1 EX-O. 148. -3- Aluminum Figure 5 – gasket compression process angstrom, and the strands are generally shorter than the average polymer length, each strand is formed maximum overall length about 5 micron.See [6] for more information about st rands length. However, this is not the end of the story. Recall that the rubber strands are rather flexible, given an energetic air Jet it might deform the strands, move them aside, and create a much more convenient path. Where it is practically impossible in metallic sealing, when rubber-metal is noninsured the air can create its own path and not use the â€Å"built in† paths by default. Of course, the strands are like springs – moving them aside require a transform of the air kinetic energy to potential spring energy.So we stay with this trade-off: creating convenient path where the friction loss is minimal, or maybe use the built in paths with significant friction loss but save the energy of the path creation. The answer will be given by the minimum energy principle. The reasonable assumption is when the pressure p is great, the air is energetic and prefer create a convenient path. As long as p decreases, the path becomes more and more curvy. When p is too small, we cannot talk about paths anymore since the air kinetic energy isn't high enough. Alternately, the air molecules start percolate on their way out (still in the interface, not in the bulk).Our model won't deal with that region. Only the regions with flow paths are in our interest. The latter discussion was proved qualitatively. An experiment assuring its results is in its design stages. Phase II of the experiment is the pressure buildup. We open the main valve, letting air to flow from the supply line to the cylinder. The supply line erasure is controlled and thus raising the pressure inside the cylinder. At this phase, air is pumped in and leaks out at the same time but the influx rate is much greater then the leakage rate.When the level of pressure reaches the desired one, and stables, the secondary valve is closed and phase Ill is being executed. In phase Ill, the air flows out through the two planes described in phase I in a manner described above. 3. 2 Rubber Gasket Behavior cyli nder, and that pressure acts on the already deformed gasket as it wants to expend it. Due to the normal forces, a friction force (FRR) avoiding the gasket from expending. Beneath is a figure showing the process form the rubber point of view using forces diagram on a vertical section.Let's assume a standard friction model. After a certain level of pressure is achieved, the friction force FRR reaches its maximum static magnitude, which means that the rubber is entering the dynamic friction stage. While the pressure continue to increase, the rubber starts increasing its average radius, so the radii difference – outer against inner – and the height are decreasing due to incompressibility. Notice that h does not change – the piston is fixed – but the expansion decreases the ignited of the friction force even more. When maximum p is achieved, phase Ill starts.The pressure begins to drop and the rubber enters the static fiction level again. The friction force co ntinues its decrease until finally it changes its direction and grows back to the dynamical level. Afterwards, the rubber begins to decrease its radius -4- until the maximum-static-level friction force is enough to hold the rubber gasket in place. It is more than possible that before releasing the piston, the final average radius is different than the initial. There is also the possibility of small p and a strong enough friction force that succeed in keeping the gasket in place all over the experiment phases.Important conclusion is that the volume which the air fills remains constant at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. That is, the contraction is happening at the middle of the experiment (if present). In order to check the validity of the previous speculative argument, a videotaped experiment was taken. There, one we can see how the rubber expends and contracts with the pressure (in [ATM] at the background), where the movement is in microscope (it was videotaped using a regular camera. The movement is absolutely seen to the naked eye).